
The photo to the right shows the British and English speaking Goodwin family (minus the youngest Goodwin baby) before the Titanic disaster. The reason there is no family photos after the sinking is because the entire Goodwin family perished on the Titanic. The fact that they all died gives lie to the idea that so many Third Class passengers perished because they couldn't understand English. Fredrick Goodwin was a 42 year old electrical engineer from Fulham in Britain, who was taking his entire family to Niagara Falls, NY where he would work with his brother. Goodwin was not an immigrant who didn't understand what happened around him, so blaming the Goodwin's death on being ignorant immigrants won't cut it.
On April 15, 1912, at about 2:20am, the RMS Titanic sank beneath the icy waters of the North Atlantic. At the British Inquiry, Mr. W. D. Harbinson, the official representative of the Third Class people, or steerage passengers, had this to say:
"I wish to say distinctly that no evidence has been given in the course of this case that would substantiate a charge that any attempt was made to keep back the third class passengers. There is not an atom or a tittle of evidence upon which any such allegation could be based (Lord, Walter; The Night Lives on, PG 93)
Before both the American and British boards of inquiry, The White Star Line's company standard was essentially the same; that the only rule was "Women and children first;" there was no distinction between classes. The problem with this assertion is that the numbers of saved do not agree with Harbinson, as I believe I will show in this article.
I will evaluate the argument that class distinction did indeed affect the number of Third Class passengers saved from the sinking Titanic. To get us started, consider this; 53% of first and Second Class passengers were saved, but only 25% of Third Class. Of the First and Second Class women and children, 94% saved, but only 42% of those in Third Class. Only one child in First Class was lost-while in Third Class, 52 out of 79 children were lost. (Lord, Walter, "The Night Lives On," PG 94)
I know the argument many will put forth; that the numbers themselves are what count, not the percentages, but that is erroneous. Because there were more Third Class passengers, more should have been saved. And spare me the weak assertion that steerage passengers weren't kept below decks.
Third Class passengers were use to doing what they were told by their "betters" it was almost second nature, even if it did grate on their collective nerves. It is almost certainly what took place aboard Titanic. They were told to wait, and they did, until the slant of the deck and the cacophony of noise told them that their time was fast running out. Then the men began to get antsy and demanded to be released to the boat deck.
Almost immediately after brushing against the iceberg, unmarried Third Class men, housed in the bow of the ship, began to get wet and knew something was wrong with the ship. Because Third Class passengers were prevented from entering either First or Second Class sections of the ship by locked barriers, these men had to re-route, thus taking them farther away from where they needed to go. The barriers proved to be the death of almost four hundred men as they eventually drowned as the ship sank beneath them. For more in depth analysis of this, check out this link: David Gleicher
Third Class survivors Carl Jansson and Bernt Johannesen's stories are typical of several Third Class men from the bow who survived to tell them. Jansson later related his story: "Then I run down to my cabin to bring my other clothes; watch and bag but had only time to take the watch and the coat when water with enormous force came into the cabin. I had to rush up to the deck again where I found my friends standing with life belts on and with terror painted on their faces. What should I do now, with no life belt, no shoes, and no cap?
Bernt Johannesen also had a story to tell: "We were in the cabin where we undressed. Then we heard something like a vibration in the ship. I dressed, and went upstairs. On the other deck, I met a mate who told me that we had struck an iceberg, and boats were being put out as a matter of precaution. It was nice, quiet weather that evening, so I thought I would walk to the cabin to get a coat. However, at the fourth deck I was stopped by an officer who told me that I could not get any further. The seawater had got into the cabin. (Gleicher, David: The fatal journey of Third Class Men on Titanic) David Gleicher
Third Class passengers "congregated at the Third Class stairway" (Lord, Walter, "The Night Lives On," PG 96) located on E Deck. Why didn't they go all the way to the boat deck to get into the boats? While lifeboats were being lowered to the Frigid North Atlantic, Third Class passengers were below decks and had no idea that their only safe way off the ship was rowing away. The truth is, there were stewards posted down in E Deck with the Third Class passengers, a few minutes before 1:00am, instructions finally came to "pass women and children up to the boat deck." Assuming Third Class passengers were not being withheld from the boat deck, would it be necessary to pass (another word for allow) the women and children?
Steward John E. Hart testified that he escorted two groups (thirty & twenty-eight respectively) of Third Class women and children to the boat deck.
By the time he came back for the second group things down below had taken an ugly turn. Third Class men were now demanding to be allowed up on deck. Steward Hart's testimony was heavily relied on by the White Star Line, but Hart's testimony clearly showed that the men in Third Class (steerage) were held back and the women had what amounted to an hour's handicap in the race for the lifeboats. (Lord, Walter, "The Night Lives On," PG 115)
The White Star Line explanation that the language barrier kept Third Class passengers from understanding instructions from the crew impressed the court; in fact, the court accepted all of White Star's "lines"; Third Class passengers were reluctant to leave the ship, they were reluctant to leave their luggage, and it was difficult to get them up from their quarters. The problem with the first two of these excuses is that they were true of all passengers. As for getting them up from their quarters, they were all told to get their life belts on by at least midnight, and the fact that there were so many at the Third Class stairway proves this theory, at best false and at worst, misleading on their part.
At the British Inquiry, one member of the crew after another assured the court that there was no discrimination whatsoever- but not a single Third Class passenger was called as a witness. Further more, to debunk the theory of the language barrier, the Goodwin's, an entire family of eight, never made it off Titanic, and they were British. Taken all together, or piece-by-piece, the evidence clearly shows that, though no one, both then or now, want class distinction to actually be a cause of death to any passengers, the opposite is true.
According to Douglas W. Phillips, the idea of class distinction was a fallacy, based on numbers of First Class passengers saved as opposed to Second and Third. Third Class passengers vastly outnumbered both First and Second Classes, so based on this and the number of men saved from Third (75) as opposed to Second Class, (14) the idea of class distinction is wrong.
All this proves is that more Third Class men were saved than Second Class men... period. Consider the opposite by this standard, since 387 Third Class passengers perished, as opposed to 154 for Second, that means twice the amount died from Third Class than Second. Phillips also tries to use the vast amount of crew that died as a comparison to Third Class. This will not wash, as crew are supposed to die as opposed to passengers, though it is preferable that no one is lost.
This evaluation demonstrates that class distinction was almost definitely an issue on board RMS Titanic. The lack of lifeboats for all passengers created the necessity for class selection, and the location of steerage made it obvious as to who would be held in check where possible. Most steerage passengers were uneducated, heading to the New World for a better life, and the fact that they could not speak English only made them that much easier to exploit.
To assume that those in authority would not use these circumstances against those in steerage is naive and unrealistic considering human nature or the alternative, which would be survival of the fittest; riots, and death to even greater numbers due to the chaos that would have reigned on the sloping deck.
With 2201 souls on board, and lifeboats for only 1178 Captain Edward J. Smith did not even bother with boat drills and/or boat assignments for either crew or passengers. The resulting confusion caused by complacency and disaster left room for what passed as natural selection during the Edwardian Era.
Although David Gleicher has an interesting, brilliant, and convincing argument that explains much of what steward Hart said, and didn't say. One can not explain away everything that adds up to one thing; there is a reason, or are reasons, why too many Third Class passengers didn't make it to the life boats. Numbers and percentages will only tell us so much as well. When it comes right down to it, Social status was the ticket off Titanic.